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剑桥雅思 17 Test 3 Part 4 Transcript / 听力原文
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Scientists believe that a majority of the earth's bird population migrate in some fashion or other.
科学家认为，地球上的大多数鸟类都以某种方式进行迁徙。
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Some travel seasonally for relatively short distances,
有些人季节性旅行，距离相对较短，
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such as birds that move from their winter habitats in lowlands to mountain tops for the summers.
例如鸟类从低地的冬季栖息地迁徙到山顶过夏天。
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Others, like the Arctic Tern,
其他的，比如北极燕鸥，
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travel more than 25,000 miles seasonally between the northern and southern poles.
季节性地往返于北极和南极之间超过 25,000 英里。
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Bird migration has been studied over many centuries through a variety of observations.
几个世纪以来，人们通过各种观察对鸟类迁徙进行了研究。
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But until relatively recently,
但直到最近，
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where birds went to in the winter was considered something of a mystery.
鸟类在冬天去哪里被认为是一个谜。
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The lack of modern science and technology led to many theories that we now recognize as error-filled
现代科学技术的缺乏导致了许多我们现在认为充满错误的理论
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and even somewhat amusing.
甚至有些有趣。
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Take hibernation theory for example,
以冬眠理论为例，
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2000 years ago, it was commonly believed that when birds left an area,
2000年前，人们普遍认为，当鸟类离开一个地区时，
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they went underwater to hibernate in the seas and oceans.
他们潜入水下在海洋中冬眠。
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Another theory for the regular appearance and disappearance of birds
关于鸟类定期出现和消失的另一种理论
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was that they spend winter hidden in mud till the weather changed and food became abundant again.
他们躲在泥土里过冬，直到天气变化、食物再次充足。
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The theory that some birds hibernate persisted until experiments were done on caged birds in the 1940s
一些鸟类冬眠的理论一直持续到 20 世纪 40 年代对笼中鸟类进行实验为止
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which demonstrated that birds have no hibernation instinct.
这表明鸟类没有冬眠本能。
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One of the earliest naturalists and philosophers from ancient Greece was Aristotle
亚里士多德是古希腊最早的自然学家和哲学家之一
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who was the first writer to discuss the disappearance and reappearance of some bird species at certain times of year.
他是第一位讨论某些鸟类在一年中特定时间消失和重新出现的作家。
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He developed the theory of transmutation -
他发展了嬗变理论——
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the seasonal change of one species into another -
一种物种到另一种物种的季节变化 -
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by observing redstarts and robins.
通过观察红尾鸲和知更鸟。
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He observed that in the autumn,
他观察到，在秋天，
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small birds called 'redstarts' began to lose their feathers,
被称为“红尾鸲”的小鸟开始失去羽毛，
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which convinced Aristotle that they changed into robins for the winter,
这让亚里士多德确信它们会变成知更鸟过冬，
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and back into redstarts in the summer.
并在夏天回到红尾鸲。
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These assumptions are understandable given that this pair of species are similar in shape,
鉴于这对物种的形状相似，这些假设是可以理解的，
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but are a classic example of an incorrect interpretation based on correct observations.
但这是基于正确观察的错误解释的典型例子。
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The most bizarre theory was put forward by an English amateur scientist,
最离奇的理论是由一位英国业余科学家提出的，
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Charles Morton, in the seventeenth century.
查尔斯·莫顿，十七世纪。
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He wrote a surprisingly well-regarded paper
他写了一篇令人惊讶的广受好评的论文
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claiming that birds migrate to the moon and back every year.
声称鸟类每年都会迁徙到月球并返回。
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He came to this conclusion as the only logical explanation for the total disappearance of some species.
他得出这个结论，这是对某些物种彻底消失的唯一合乎逻辑的解释。
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One of the key moments in the development of migration theory came in 1822
移民理论发展的关键时刻之一是 1822 年
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when a white stork was shot in Germany.
当一只白鹳在德国被射杀时。
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This particular stork made history because of the long spear in its neck
这只特殊的鹳因其脖子上的长矛而创造了历史
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which incredibly had not killed it,
令人难以置信的是，这并没有杀死它，
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everyone immediately realised this spear was definitely not European.
大家立刻意识到，这把矛绝对不是欧洲的。
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It turned out to be a spear from a tribe in Central Africa.
原来这是来自中非一个部落的长矛。
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This was a truly defining moment in the history of ornithology
这是鸟类学史上真正具有决定性意义的时刻
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because it was the first evidence that storks spend their winters in sub-Saharan Africa.
因为这是鹳在撒哈拉以南非洲过冬的第一个证据。
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You can still see the 'arrow stork' in the Zoological Collection of the University of Rostock in Germany.
您仍然可以在德国罗斯托克大学动物学收藏中看到“箭鹳”。
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People gradually became aware that European birds moved south in autumn and north in summer
人们逐渐意识到欧洲鸟类秋季向南迁徙，夏季向北迁徙
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but didn't know much about it until the practice of catching birds and putting rings on their legs became established.
但直到捕捉鸟类并将环戴在它们腿上的做法确立后，人们对此才了解甚多。
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Before this, very little information was available about the actual destinations of particular species
在此之前，关于特定物种的实际目的地的信息很少
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and how they travelled there.
以及他们如何前往那里。
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People speculated that larger birds provided a kind of taxi service for smaller birds
人们推测较大的鸟类为较小的鸟类提供了一种出租车服务
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by carrying them on their backs.
将它们背在背上。
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This idea came about
这个想法产生了
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because it seemed impossible that small birds weighing only a few grams could fly over vast oceans.
因为只有几克重的小鸟似乎不可能飞越广阔的海洋。
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This idea was supported by observations of bird behaviour
这个想法得到了对鸟类行为的观察的支持
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such as the harassment of larger birds by smaller birds.
例如较小的鸟类骚扰较大的鸟类。
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The development of bird ringing, by a Danish schoolteacher,
鸟鸣声的发展，由一位丹麦教师提出，
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Hans Christian Cornelius Mortensen,
汉斯·克里斯蒂安·科尼利厄斯·莫滕森，
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made many discoveries possible.
使许多发现成为可能。
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This is still common practice today and relies upon what is known as 'recovery',
这在今天仍然是常见的做法，并且依赖于所谓的“恢复”，
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this is when ringed birds are found dead in the place they have migrated to, and identified.
这时，环斑鸟被发现死在它们迁徙的地方，并被确认身份。
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Huge amounts of data were gathered in the early part of the twentieth century
二十世纪初收集了大量数据
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and for the first time in history people understood where birds actually went to in winter.
历史上，人们第一次了解了鸟类在冬天到底去哪里了。
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In 1931, an atlas was published showing where the most common species of European birds migrated to.
1931 年，出版了一本地图集，其中显示了最常见的欧洲鸟类迁徙到的地方。
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More recent theories about bird migration...
关于鸟类迁徙的更多最新理论......
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