音频与练习入口
先用下方音频整体听一遍，再点击进入心流雅思的逐句听写模式。这个练习页适合先预览题目，再进入完整交互式练习。
剑桥雅思 15 Test 3 Part 4 Transcript / 听力原文
-
1
Nowadays, we use different products for personal cleanliness, laundry, dishwashing and household cleaning,
如今，我们使用不同的产品进行个人清洁、洗衣、洗碗和家庭清洁，
-
2
but this is very much a 20th-century development.
但这在很大程度上是20世纪的发展。
-
3
The origins of cleanliness date back to prehistoric times.
清洁的起源可以追溯到史前时代。
-
4
Since water is essential for life,
由于水是生命所必需的，
-
5
the earliest people lived near water and knew something about its cleansing properties -
最早的人们生活在水附近，并且了解水的清洁特性 -
-
6
at least that it rinsed mud off their hands.
至少它可以冲洗掉他们手上的泥土。
-
7
During the excavation of ancient Babylon,
在古巴比伦的发掘过程中，
-
8
evidence was found that soapmaking was known as early as 2800 BC.
有证据表明，肥皂制造早在公元前 2800 年就已为人所知。
-
9
Archaeologists discovered cylinders made of clay,
考古学家发现了由粘土制成的圆柱体，
-
10
with inscriptions on them saying that fats were boiled with ashes.
上面刻着铭文，说脂肪是用灰烬煮沸的。
-
11
This is a method of making soap,
这是一种制作肥皂的方法，
-
12
though there's no reference to the purpose of this material.
尽管没有提及该材料的用途。
-
13
The early Greeks bathed for aesthetic reasons and apparently didn't use soap.
早期希腊人洗澡是出于审美原因，显然不使用肥皂。
-
14
Instead, they cleaned their bodies with blocks of sand, pumice and ashes,
相反，他们用沙块、浮石和灰烬清洁身体，
-
15
then anointed themselves with oil,
然后用油抹自己，
-
16
and scraped off the oil and dirt with a metal instrument known as a strigil.
然后用一种称为“strigil”的金属工具刮掉油和污垢。
-
17
They also used oil mixed with ashes.
他们还使用与灰烬混合的油。
-
18
Clothes were washed without soap in streams.
衣服是在溪流中洗的，没有肥皂。
-
19
The ancient Germans and Gauls are also credited with discovering how to make a substance called 'soap',
古代德国人和高卢人也被认为发现了如何制造一种叫做“肥皂”的物质，
-
20
made of melted animal fat and ashes.
由融化的动物脂肪和灰烬制成。
-
21
They used this mixture to tint their hair red.
他们用这种混合物将头发染成红色。
-
22
Soap got its name, according to an ancient Roman legend, from Mount Sapo,
根据古罗马传说，肥皂的名字来自萨波山，
-
23
where animals were sacrificed, leaving deposits of animal fat.
动物被处死，留下动物脂肪沉积物。
-
24
Rain washed these deposits, along with wood ashes,
雨水冲刷了这些沉积物以及木灰，
-
25
down into the clay soil along the River Tiber.
沿着台伯河深入粘土。
-
26
Women found that this mixture greatly reduced the effort required to wash their clothes.
女性发现这种混合物大大减少了洗衣服所需的精力。
-
27
As Roman civilisation advanced, so did bathing.
随着罗马文明的进步，沐浴也在进步。
-
28
The first of the famous Roman baths, supplied with water from their aqueducts,
第一个著名的罗马浴场，由渡槽供水，
-
29
was built around 312 BC.
建于公元前 312 年左右。
-
30
The baths were luxurious, and bathing became very popular.
浴室非常豪华，沐浴变得非常流行。
-
31
And by the second century AD,
到了公元二世纪，
-
32
the Greek physician Galen recommended soap for both medicinal and cleansing purposes.
希腊医生盖伦推荐肥皂用于医疗和清洁目的。
-
33
After the fall of Rome in 467 AD
公元 467 年罗马灭亡后
-
34
and the resulting decline in bathing habits,
以及由此导致的洗澡习惯的下降，
-
35
much of Europe felt the impact of filth on public health.
欧洲大部分地区都感受到了污物对公共健康的影响。
-
36
This lack of personal cleanliness and related unsanitary living conditions
缺乏个人清洁和相关的不卫生的生活条件
-
37
were major factors in the outbreaks of disease in the Middle Ages,
是中世纪疾病爆发的主要因素，
-
38
and especially the Black Death of the 14th century.
尤其是14世纪的黑死病。
-
39
Nevertheless, soapmaking became an established craft in Europe,
尽管如此，肥皂制作在欧洲已成为一种成熟的工艺，
-
40
and associations of soapmakers guarded their trade secrets closely.
肥皂制造商协会严密保守其商业秘密。
-
41
Vegetable and animal oils were used with ashes of plants,
植物油和动物油与植物灰一起使用，
-
42
along with perfume, apparently for the first time.
与香水一起使用，显然是第一次。
-
43
Gradually more varieties of soap became available for shaving and shampooing,
渐渐地，越来越多的肥皂可供剃须和洗发使用，
-
44
as well as bathing and laundering.
以及洗澡和洗衣。
-
45
A major step toward large-scale commercial soapmaking occurred in 1791,
1791 年，向大规模商业制皂迈出了重要一步，
-
46
when a French chemist, Nicholas Leblanc, patented a process for turning salt into soda ash,
当法国化学家尼古拉斯·勒布朗（Nicholas Leblanc）申请了将盐转化为苏打灰的工艺专利时，
-
47
or sodium carbonate.
或碳酸钠。
-
48
Soda ash is the alkali obtained from ashes that combines with fat to form soap.
纯碱是从灰烬中提取的碱，与脂肪结合形成肥皂。
-
49
The Leblanc process yielded quantities of good-quality, inexpensive soda ash.
勒布朗工艺生产了大量优质、廉价的纯碱。
-
50
Modern soapmaking was born some 20 years later,
大约20年后现代肥皂制造诞生，
-
51
in the early 19th century,
在19世纪初，
-
52
with the discovery by Michel Eugene Chevreul, another French chemist,
另一位法国化学家 Michel Eugene Chevreul 的发现，
-
53
of the chemical nature and relationship of fats, glycerine and fatty acids.
脂肪、甘油和脂肪酸的化学性质和关系。
-
54
His studies established the basis for both fat and soap chemistry,
他的研究为脂肪和肥皂化学奠定了基础，
-
55
and soapmaking became a science.
肥皂制造成为一门科学。
-
56
Further developments during the 19th century made it easier and cheaper to manufacture soap.
19 世纪的进一步发展使得肥皂的制造变得更容易、更便宜。
-
57
Until the 19th century, soap was regarded as a luxury item,
直到19世纪，肥皂还被视为奢侈品，
-
58
and was heavily taxed in several countries.
并在一些国家征收重税。
-
59
As it became more readily available, it became an everyday necessity,
随着它变得越来越容易获得，它成为了日常必需品，
-
60
a development that was reinforced when the high tax was removed.
当高税收被取消后，这一发展得到了加强。
-
61
Soap was then something ordinary people could afford,
肥皂当时是普通人买得起的东西，
-
62
and cleanliness standards improved.
清洁标准得到提高。
-
63
With this widespread use came the development of milder soaps for bathing
随着这种广泛的使用，温和的沐浴皂被开发出来
-
64
and soaps for use in the washing machines that were available to consumers by the turn of the 20th century.
以及 20 世纪之交消费者可以使用的洗衣机用肥皂。
相关雅思听力练习
继续练习相邻 Part，或者回到首页选择 IELTS 15-19 的其他剑桥雅思听力材料。